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First, the good news! The fact that your community now has a new or updated study shows that a fundamental condo management task has been completed. The Board and community now have “eyes wide open” as to what the community is likely facing as plans are made to address capital replacement items such as roofs, streets, septic systems and the like. If this is your first Reserve Study in years or, perhaps, ever, there is a good chance the Board and community will experience “sticker shock” from the funding recommendations of the engineering firm. If you’re a Board Member contemplating the implications of having to raise the reserve contribution per unit by a significant margin (say $100/month) take a moment to understand the alternatives. Rightfully, any big move in the community’s Reserve Contribution is going to have a big effect on unit owner dues and the Board should work to fully understand the drivers behind the increase in reserve contribution and be reasonably comfortable answering questions when asked. Ideally, your management team is solidly behind the Board in understanding the recommendations and discussing various options. Before going too far, it’s important to understand the basic concepts associated with developing the Reserve Recommendations. First, the engineering team catalogues your community’s capital assets and follows up with estimates of Useful Life, Remaining Life, Replacement Cost and projected funding. Keep in mind that funding levels are typically referenced as a % of Full Funding (100%). Although 100% funding is a benchmark, few communities target full funding; mainly, because it’s typically not necessary and such a high funding level sets aside funds that will essentially be unused. Not that 100% is a “bad thing” but it puts unnecessary strain on homeowners who can put the excess funds to better use. On the other end of the funding strategy spectrum is a deficit forecast or any kind of funding plan that reflects less than 40% of full funding. Often, a community getting their first Reserve Study will see that if they continue with their current funding rate, forecast capital expenses will drain reserves and push the community into a funding crises somewhere in the future. While “Current Funding” scenarios often show a deficit for a first time analysis, your study should compute the percent funding resulting at year end for each of the 30-40 years covered in the study. Industry consensus indicates that anytime your community funding results in anything less than 25-40% funding, there is a real risk of unexpected or larger than expected expenses pushing Boards to consider a Special Assessment, loans or perhaps deferring maintenance. None of these outcomes are desirable. Recognizing that any funding strategy less than 25-40% (of full funding) really is not a viable option for the community; the Board is still stuck with developing a strategy to builds the community to health. So, what are the options? “Rip the Band-Aid off” If the Reserve Study is recommending a jump in the community’s reserve contribution and those contributions will extend for years (often adjusted by projected inflation rates), some Boards accept the move in one year. It is not unusual that a Board may look at Reserve recommendations and recognize the hike needed is not good news; but waiting only makes the gap worse with the eventuality of having to raise the funds in any case. In this scenario, the Board is very transparent with the community; reviewing the hard data from the Reserve Study and incorporates the full, recommended adjustment in the next budget cycle. In almost every case, there will be unit owners talking about “other expenses” such as taxes and other normal costs of living as a rationale for not moving the recommended number. However, at the end of the day, funding capital reserves for the eventual replacement of big ticket items is similar to someone driving their car and being notified that the brakes should be replaced. While funds may be tight, the car’s brakes are indifferent to the owner’s personal finances. Likewise, when roofs need replacement the structure is indifferent to the unit owner, or the community’s financial position. At some point, it must be done. Not infrequently, Boards wrestle with unit owners that express a total inability to meet the financial requirements of reserves. While this puts the Board in a tough position, the hard reality is that the Board has to make judgements in the best interest of the association. Funding the replacement needs of the community should not be established based on the “ability to pay”. As noted, like the car that requires brakes; the funding for association capital replacements must be met. On occasion, the hard result here is that some members of the community may determine that another living situation more suited to their budget may be necessary. Phased Scale Up While the “Rip the Band-Aid Off” approach is a common Board strategy, some Boards may look to “thread the needle” by phasing dues increases and moving the community toward a stable position; but over a couple years or so. One helpful illustration is a community that had a loan becoming fully paid off in 2 years. Without a major capital demands expected over the next couple years, the Board did boost the community’s reserve contribution about half way to the recommended, minimal level with the plan that the balance of “catch up” increase would be made once the loan was fully paid off (in 2 years). When the loan was paid, the previous debt service monies would be redirected to reserves. In any kind of “Phased Scale Up” Boards will want to compare your Reserve Study’s recommended end of year target reserve balance. At some point in the phased scale up (ideally within 2-4 years), your year end contributions will tie to the target year end numbers of the Reserve Study and your community will then be “on-track”. Obviously, there are variations on this strategy. It was very convenient for the Board illustration above to scale their payments just as their loan was about completed. The funds previously dedicated to debt service simply divert to Reserves in a transparent move to the community that also brought the association to financial health. Other scenarios can include going “part way” toward the recommended annual funding recommendation and then increasing the following year for the balance. However, when a Board pursues this strategy, they still need to backfill the opportunity they forfeit in Year 1 with higher increases in subsequent years; or simply settle for a lower percent funding with greater exposure risk to special assessments or other potential financial crises. Scale Up Coupled with a Special Assessment In some cases, the clock simply runs out on an established community. Perhaps no reserve study has ever been done or the management team never understood how to utilize the data and support board planning. For whatever reason, an established community now finds itself with a new Reserve Study recommending a significant increase in addition to immediately necessary replacements that cannot wait for a funding build up. While this scenario is exactly the reason that thoughtful, realistic, and data driven planning should be managed years in advance, the reality is that some communities flatly missed the opportunity and, now, must contend with urgent financial demands and recovery. In unusual cases like this, a Board may adopt the recommended annual reserve contribution as well as an injection of cash through Special Assessment. In one older community we now manage there was essentially nothing in Reserves. The new Board realized they needed to take the hard medicine of significant dues increases, most of which was directed to Reserves. In addition, to address pressing roof replacement issues, the Board engaged a Special Assessment for each of two sequential years. While the Reserve contributions would be building towards stability over the long term, the infusion of cash through special assessment covered the immediate need for roofs . Reserve Planning is not for the faint of heart. It requires data, understanding, problem solving and great communication skills. As this discussion concludes, I will note first that having a current Reserve Study is half the battle. You now have “eyes wide open”. You have data that is intelligible from which to understand your community’s position. From here, you explore your options. The decisions aren’t easy; but, with transparency and excellent communication throughout the budget and planning process, your solution will be understood by the majority of the community. Choosing wisely, future Boards and unit owners will be grateful for your proactive planning that protects the wellbeing of the association. About the Author Tim Wege is President of New Star Properties, launching the company with zero clients or staff in 2015. With a background in real estate, corporate finance and management, the company opened with a vision trained on excellence. Today, New Star manages over 3500 condominium units with a staff of more than 30.